Anthroposophy

Walter Burley Griffin, the designer of Canberra, was more than a very talented architect. He was also an advocate of alternative religion. Can hidden esoteric principles can be traced in his work?

See link below to transcript of Compass: Beyond Architecture
http://www.abc.net.au/compass/s1089982.htm


Anthroposophy, a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner, postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development. More specifically, it aims to develop faculties of perceptive imagination, inspiration and intuition through cultivating a form of thinking independent of sensory experience,and to present the results thus derived in a manner subject to rational verification. In its investigations of the spiritual world, anthroposophy aims to attain the precision and clarity attained by the natural sciences in their investigations of the physical world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy


The Griffins were designing and planning cities with a holistic approach; the ideal city in which spirituality is inextricable linked with the urban landscape and the built form. As described in the definition above, this type of spirituality was an investigation into the natural sciences.

from Compass: Beyond Architecture

NARR:

Using Marion Burley Griffin’s original drawings as evidence, Professor Proudfoot concluded that the plans were based on sacred crystals and the principles of sacred geometry or geomancy including the Chinese version known as feng shui. This all served to carefully place buildings , roads and objects in the landscape

Graham Pont:

Now if you look at what you've done there, and on this smaller drawing I've marked it a bit more heavily, you've got that red circle, what you might call the generative or fundamental circle of Canberra. The two axis crossing. That resultant symbol or diagram or mandala is no other than the Egyptian hieroglyph for a city or a town. And I think that's fantastic.

They saw architecture as a kind of supreme art, as a cosmic art.
They were dealing with a particular kind of client. I think that if they had exposed their philosophical background they would have lost control of the project even more quickly than they did.

James Weirick:
I think unfortunately the esoteric interpretation of the Griffin plan correlates with the idea that in fact Canberra is a secret world. That the inner chambers are places which we will never get to. So I think that the Griffins were totally opposed to those views, and the fact that Canberra has been built in denial of their values its fundamental problem.


Jillian Roe:
They were not just building houses and suburbs. They were building a new world with new people in it, who had whole new spiritual insights.
They didn't perhaps get very far, but in that idealistic sense we can understand their hopes.

Jillian Roe:
What we do know is that Marian took to anthroposophy with great enthusiasm. She joined the Society in 1930 and Walter shortly after. And somehow or other it chimed into their environmental attitudes.
The notion that there was harmony between the natural and the human world. And that the human beings could, along with the natural world, evolve. It was all one life.


Graham Pont:
They wanted to create an ideal work of art for an idealised or improved society. Philosophically that's impeccable

WBG: struggles to implementation

Excerpts from 'The Griffins in Australia and India' by Jeff Turnbull and Peter Y. Navaretti

For seven years, Walter Burley Griffin enjoyed the title of Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction; but he never managed to control the process of designing and building Australia's capital city. Instead of supporting Griffin's design the officers of governement departments exposed its weaknesses in the Public Works Committee (PWC) of the federal parliament and frustrated work on the ground in Canberra. The officers were unable to put aside their own plan in favour of Griffin's.
http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/publications/fact-sheets/fs95.aspx

The Griffins' competition entry 1911-1912

City and environs. The fine red lines are Griffin’s axes along which he aligned the principal structures of the city. The land axis runs from Mount Ainslie, through Kurrajong Hill (marked ‘Capitol’, where Parliament House now stands) toward Bimberi Peak. The red line from Black Mountain to the southeast is the water axis. The black line is Griffin’s municipal axis and follows the line of the present Constitution Avenue. The triangle present in the centre of the drawing is the symbolic heart of the city. At its corners are the Municipal Government, the Market Centre and the Capitol. Within the triangle, Griffin placed the most important buildings of the government and the people. 152 x 76 cm.

City and environs. The fine red lines are Griffin’s axes along which he aligned the principal structures of the city. The land axis runs from Mount Ainslie, through Kurrajong Hill (marked ‘Capitol’, where Parliament House now stands) toward Bimberi Peak. The red line from Black Mountain to the southeast is the water axis. The black line is Griffin’s municipal axis and follows the line of the present Constitution Avenue. The triangle present in the centre of the drawing is the symbolic heart of the city. At its corners are the Municipal Government, the Market Centre and the Capitol. Within the triangle, Griffin placed the most important buildings of the government and the people.
152 x 76 cm.

Southerly side of water axis, Government Group. This view shows the Capitol on the southern side where the present Parliament House is located – with the government buildings in the foreground. The Capitol was to be the place for the people, situated above the houses of parliament. Watercolour 76 x 152.5 cm.

View from summit of Mount Ainslie, 1912, watercolour in three parts – together
76 x 305 cm.

Social reformer Ebenezer Howard promoted the idea of the ‘Garden City’, with public buildings set in gardens at the centre and surrounded by a public park, wide boulevards radiating outwards, residential districts separated from industrial areas at the periphery, and all surrounded by agricultural land. 
(Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of Tomorrow, 1898, pp52–53)

Lost Drawing Found

The Griffin Legacy

"I have planned a city not like any other city in the world...i have planned an ideal city - a city that meets my ideal of the city of the future".
Walter Burley Griffin, July 1912

http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=374&Itemid=267

WBG: An 'Accidental' Australian

Australia, and visions of it's future capital, Canberra, entered Walter Burly Griffin's thinking at least a decade before he would ever step foot on it's shores. News of the Federation movement coalescing in the distant antipodes captured his attention in 1896, while he was still a student at the University of Illinois, at Urbana - Champaign (1895-99). Convinced that a new capital city was an inevitable necessity, Griffin, his father recollected 'then decided to build it'. About five years later, on 2 January 1901, the Chicago Tribune reported that a 'new era in Australia' had begun with the inauguration of the Commonwealth. With Federation the likely catalyst, and in anticipation of a design competition, the recently graduated (1899) designer began an earnest interest and study of town planning.

Remarkably, as envisaged, a competition for the new federal capital was finally announced in 1911.

by Christopher Vernon: published in 'The Griffin's in Australia and India'

http://intrinsecoyespectorante.blogspot.com/2011/03/arquitectos-que-cambiaron-el-mundo.html

Canberra's Timeline

from CanberraHistory.org

From 1820

The first European settler in the Canberra district is thought to have been Joshua John Moore. The land he took over covered the present Canberra city centre. Moore called his station after the name given by the Ngunnawal people who had occupied the district for millennia. The newcomers wrote the name as 'Canberry’ or ‘Kamberry’.

As explorers, drovers and pastoralists came to the Canberra district from the 1820s water sources were taken over for sheep, horses and cattle and their traditional lands taken from the Ngunnawal, Walgalu and Ngarigo.

1820

On 7 December Charles Throsby Smith, Joseph Wild and James Vaughan become the first Europeans to visit the Limestone Plains. They were searching for the Murrumbidgee River (the 'Big River') but after climbing Black Mountain they returned home.

1823

On 1 June Captain Mark Currie and his exploration party pass through Tuggeranong which he calls Isabella's Plain after the daughter of Governor Brisbane. He goes on to discover the Monaro.

1825

James Ainslie arrives on the Limestone Plains with a flock of sheep owned by Robert Campbell. Campbell is granted the land as compensation for a lost cargo ship and, by 1833, builds a homestead on the property which he calls 'Duntroon'.

1828
The 'Terror of Argyle', the bushranger John Tennant, is captured by James Ainslie and two others near the Murrumbidgee River in Tuggeranong. Tennant had been a convict assigned to Moore at Canberry. Mt Tennant, behind Tharwa, is named after him.

No official records exist of the number of Indigenous people in the Canberra area. William Davis Wright, an early settler, spoke of a tribe between 400 and 500 at the time of European settlement. The 1828 census showed 21 white inhabitants living in Canberra and 15 in Ginninderra.

1845

On 12 March St John the Baptist Anglican Church was consecrated by Bishop Broughton.

1863

The Canberra Post Office was established with local school teacher, Andrew Wotherspoon becoming the first postmaster. There was already a post office at Ginninderra (1859) and at Lanyon (1860).

1887

The railway service to Queanbeyan commenced.

1895

Tharwa Bridge, the first bridge in this district across the Murrumbidgee River, was opened on 27 March by Elizabeth McKeahnie.

1899

January
A meeting of colonial premiers decides that the new Federal capital should be within New South Wales but not less than one hundred miles from Sydney.

November
The New South Wales government issues a Royal Commission to Alexander Oliver to report on 45 sites proposed even before the Commonwealth was born.

1900

11 June
The Oliver Royal Commission on sites for the proposed Federal capital takes evidence at Queanbeyan in support of the Canberra area. Speakers include John Gale, Dr. Patrick Blackall, William Farrer and prominent local pastoralists such as Frederick Campbell of Yarralumla, Andrew Cunningham from Lanyon, William Davis Wright, Samson Southwell and John Fitzgerald.

9 July
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 was enacted. Section 125 of the Constitution provided for a site for a capital city in New South Wales, but at least 100 miles from Sydney. The Constitution also provided that, like Washington, the territory for the new capital would have a minimum area of 100 square miles. Immediately the Constitution became law, debate about the site began in earnest.

October
The Oliver Royal Commission report recommends the Bombala-Eden district as the Federal capital site.

1901
1 January
The inauguration of the Federation of the six Australian colonies was the birthday of the Australian nation.

1902
December 
William Lyne, Minister for Home Affairs in Edmund Barton’s Government, set up a Capital Sites Enquiry Board that became a Commission the following year. Earlier in 1902 he had arranged train tours by parliamentarians to review possible locations.


1903
July
The report of the Capital Sites Enquiry Commissioners on nine nominated sites favoured Albury or Tumut.

October 
After William Lyne introduced a Seat of Government Bill the House of Representatives held a ballot to decide on a site, with Tumut the winner. When the Bill went to the Senate, the Bill was amended in favour of Bombala. The Bill was then stalled when Parliament ended for the Federal election on 16 December.

1904
The first Seat of Government Act nominated a large area at Dalgety as the site for the Federal capital but Parliament continued to debate the issue without reaching agreement.

1906
Parliamentarians examined the Yass-Canberra district as a possible site for the Federal capital.

1907
June 
A number of parliamentarians, including the acting Prime Minister Sir John Forrest and former Prime Minister J.C. Watson, visit Canberra. Forrest reported to Parliament his preference for Dalgety over Canberra.

July
Former Prime Ministers George Reid and J.C. Watson speak strongly in favour of Canberra in Parliament. John Gale's paper, Dalgety or Canberra: Which?, is read at a public meeting in Queanbeyan and later published as a pamphlet and distributed to parliamentarians.

1908
October 
Yass-Canberra won a House of Representatives ballot on preferred sites for the national capital. In November the Senate then held another ballot, with Tumut and Yass–Canberra tied for first place. Senator James McColl, who had nominated Tumut, then switched his vote and the Yass-Canberra area became the preferred site of both houses of Parliament.

December
The Government of Andrew Fisher repealed the 1904 Seat of Government Act and enacted legislation approving a Yass–Canberra site for the national capital. Minister for Home Affairs, Hugh Mahon appointed NSW Government Surveyor Charles Scrivener to identify and survey the site for the city. Scrivener surveyed the site ‘in an amphitheatre of hills with an outlook towards the north and north-east’ and noted the Molonglo River floodplain could form a central ornamental lake.

1909
March
Charles Scrivener establishes a camp on the slopes of Kurrajong Hill (Capital Hill) to begin his preliminary survey of the Canberra site. Scrivener presented his report on Canberra as the site for the national capital in May 1909.

18 October
Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and New South Wales Premier Charles Wade signed an ‘agreement of surrender of territory to the Commonwealth’ based on Scrivener's recommended site.

13 December
The Commonwealth Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909 was enacted when Governor-General Lord Dudley signed his assent.

14 December
The New South Wales Government enacted the Seat of Government Surrender Act 1909 enabling the transfer of the site for the Federal Capital Territory – the day after the Commonwealth had accepted the land.

1910
January
Scrivener established his survey camp below Kurrajong Hill (Capital Hill). He was joined by surveyors Percival, Sheaffe and Martin. On 31 January the Minister for Home Affairs George Fuller arrived to officially begin the contour survey.

April
The Seat of Government (Administration) Act was passed which provided a legal framework for the administration of the ‘Territory for the Seat of Government’. The Act authorised the continued use of New South Wales law as well as ordinances approved by the Governor-General and Parliament.

June
Percy Sheaffe begins the survey of the Territory's border at Mt. Coree, moving in a straight line to One Tree Hill near Hall.

1911
1 January
The 'Territory for the Seat of Government' was established as an area of 2,360 square kilometres in the Yass-Canberra district occupied by 1,714 non-Indigenous people on pastoral properties grazing some 224,764 sheep. Additional land at Jervis Bay as a seaport for the proposed national capital city was included in the new Territory.

As a consequence of the creation of the Territory the residents are stripped of the franchise. They do not regain full voting rights at the Federal level until 1966, nor representation at the local level until the granting of self-government in 1989.

24 May
The Federal Capital Design Competition was opened.

On 27 June the Royal Military College at Duntroon was officially opened by the Governor-General, Lord Dudley. RMC was the first Commonwealth facility in the new capital.

1912
US architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahoney Griffin were announced the winners of the competition to design the national capital.

After criticism of the winning design King O'Malley, Minister for Home Affairs in the Fisher Government, referred the three top entries in the competition to a Departmental Board and an amalgamated design was prepared.

1913
12 March 1913
Canberra’s founding ceremony was held on Capital Hill. Governor-General Lord Denman, Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, and Minister for Home Affairs King O’Malley laid the foundation stones for a ‘Commencement Column’ and Lady Denman announced the name chosen for the city. (For more information on the ceremony, refer to the CDHS booklet 'Canberra' produced for Canberra Day 2001).

1914
A further area of land at Jervis Bay was added to the Federal Capital Territory amid speculation about development there of 'Pacific City' as a seaport for Canberra.

1915
3 September 
The funeral takes place of Major General Sir William Bridges, commander of the first AIF and founding commandant of RMC, Duntroon who was killed on Gallipoli. Bridges is buried on the slopes of Mt. Pleasant. His grave is the only Walter Burley Griffin designed edifice in Canberra.

1918
The Molonglo Internment Camp is built to house German nationals. After the war it is used as accommodation for workers and their families. It later becomes the industrial suburb of Fyshwick.

December 
Plans to establish an arsenal and township of 10 000 people at Tuggeranong are put on hold due to the end of World War 1.

1921
31 December 
Prime Minister Billy Hughes removed Walter Burley Griffin from his position directing the construction of Canberra.

1924 
The first sale of leases in the Territory occurs on 12 December. J.B Young Ltd buys the first site on Giles Street, Eastlake (now Kingston).

1925
The Federal Capital Commission began operations on 1 January. The FCC was charged with developing Canberra to allow the transfer of public servants and Parliament by 1927.

1927
The Territory Police Force was established, headed by Major Harold.E Jones.
Records show registration of 373 cars, 60 trucks, 55 motorcycles and 520 people licensed to drive.

9 May
The ceremonial opening of Parliament in Canberra’s provisional Parliament House. As well as the Parliament House, The Lodge and Government House were completed as residences for the Prime Minister and the Governor-General, and the Hotel Canberra, and the Kurrajong Hotel housed parliamentarians.

3 December
The Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, officially opened Canberra's city centre. Despite Bruce's opposition to the name, Walter Burley Griffin's appellation 'Civic Centre' or just 'Civic' is commonly adopted by Canberrans.

1928
Prohibition on the sale of liquor is lifted.

1930
An Advisory Council was established to administer the capital.

1931
The Manuka Pool opens in January. The Federal Highway linking Canberra to Collector and Goulburn in New South Wales was completed. The road was built as an unemployment relief work during the Depression, when Canberra’s population remained around 7 000. Radio 2CA commences broadcasting from a shop in Kingston.

1934
On 1 January the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory was established as a superior court of record. Until then the High Court of Australia had jurisdiction over the Territory. The Supreme Court first met at Acton House in February 1934.

1936
Air services to and from Canberra began. Planes landed on an airfield built near Duntroon.

1938
The Federal Capital Territory, as it is popularly but not legislatively known, is renamed as the Australian Capital Territory with effect on 29 July.

1939
January
Canberra endures a record hot spell including 8 consecutive days of temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Bushfires burn large areas west of the Murrumbidgee and threaten Mount Stromlo. Canberra hosts the jubilee congress of ANZAAS with guest speaker H.G. Wells.

September
The population of Canberra was 10 000 when Prime Minister Robert Menzies declared Australia at war with Germany. A rapid expansion occurred with some 3 000 public service families brought to Canberra as well as military personnel. With Australia developing direct diplomatic relations with foreign countries, there was also an influx of diplomatic staff.

1940
13 August
In the ‘Canberra air disaster’ the chief military officer and three senior ministers in the Menzies Government were killed when their aeroplane crashed on the southern approach to Canberra. The air base at Canberra was later renamed RAAF Base Fairbairn after the Minister for Air, J.V. Fairbairn, who died in the crash.

1942
February
After Japanese planes bombed Darwin the Royal Australian Air Force base at Fairbairn was upgraded to provide anti-submarine patrols off the eastern coast. With Japanese forces occupying islands to the north of Australia, three Royal Dutch Air Force squadrons were moved to Canberra from their bases there.


1954 
February
Queen Elizabeth II becomes the first reigning monarch to visit Australia. As well as opening Parliament she unveils the Australian-American Memorial at Russell. Her visit highlighted the ceremonial role of Canberra as the national capital.

November
With Canberra’s population 39 000, a Senate Select Committee chaired by Senator John McCallum begins hearings on the development of Canberra. Its recommendations led to the establishment of the National Capital Development Commission to implement a coordinated plan.

1957
The National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) is established in October by an Act of Parliament. It began operations in 1958 under Commissioner John Overall. The NCDC assumes responsibility for the planning and development of Canberra including Lake Burley Griffin, Parliament House and the new towns of Woden Valley, Weston Creek, Belconnen, Tuggeranong and Gungahlin.

1960
25 February
Australia signed an agreement with the USA allowing them to establish satellite tracking stations in the Australian Capital Territory, at Orroral Creek, Honeysuckle Creek and Tidbinbilla. In July 1969 Honeysuckle Creek transmitted to the world the first images and words of Neil Armstrong from the Moon.

1962
Kings Avenue bridge becomes the first permanent crossing over the future lake.

1963
6 March
The Monaro Mall is opened in Civic by Prime Minister, Robert Menzies. It was the first fully air-conditioned shopping mall in Australia.

9 May
The Supreme Court of the ACT sits for the first time in the newly constructed Law Courts Building in Civic.

30 November
The Albert Hall hosts the first televised broadcast of the National Tally Room for the Federal Election.

1964
The restored Blundells Cottage is handed over to the Canberra and District Historical Society on 12 March 1964 to operate as a museum. Lake Burley Griffin was officially opened in October by Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies. A key part of the Griffins’ design for Canberra, the Lake was formed by damming the Molonglo River. The first of a series of new towns, planned by the National Capital Development Commission, was opened at Woden, south-west of Canberra, with an exposition held in Hughes on 9 May.

1965
The Royal Australian Mint was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh in February. He started a machine that produced one-cent coins. Anzac Parade officially opened on 25 April to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landing at Gallipoli. The Canberra Theatre opened in June.

1966
The second of the new towns planned for Canberra was inaugurated at Belconnen on 23 June. Early designs allowed for 120 000 residents.

1967
The population of Canberra reached 100,000.

1968
The neo-classical National Library, designed by Walter Bunning, is opened in August.  The foundation stone for the Canberra College of Advanced Education is dedicated by Prime Minister John Gorton on 28 October.

1971
A severe thunderstorm over Woden Valley on 26 January causes flash floods on Yarra Glen where seven people drown.

1972
On Australia Day, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy was established on the front lawns of Old Parliament House. The Woden Plaza was opened on 18 September by the Prime Minister, William McMahon.

1973
The third of the new towns planned for Canberra was inaugurated at Tuggeranong on 21 February. It was originally planned to house between 180 000 to 220 000 people.

1974
The ACT Advisory Council, established in 1930, became an elected Legislative Assembly, advising the Department of the Capital Territory.

5 August
The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory were each allocated two Senate seats, expanding the Senate to 64 seats.

1977
The National Athletics Stadium is completed in time for the Pan Pacific Conference Games. It is later known as Bruce Stadium and then Canberra Stadium.

1978
The Belconnen Mall was opened in February. A referendum on 25 November resulted in ACT residents rejecting a proposal for Self-Government, with 63% of Canberrans voting for no change to the then arrangements.

1979
The 1974 Legislative Assembly became a House of Assembly, dissolved in 1986 prior to the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988, which established a Legislative Assembly with full powers to make laws for the ACT. This met for the first time in May 1989.

19 October 
The Australian Federal Police force was formed by combining the Commonwealth Police, the Australian Capital Territory Police, and the Federal Narcotics Bureau.

1980
May
A large telecommunications tower (later known as Telstra Tower) was opened on Black Mountain on 15 May by the Prime Minister. Complete with viewing platforms and a revolving restaurant, the construction of the tower had caused many arguments and protests, when it was first proposed by the Postmaster-General's Department to crown Black Mountain with a 195-metre concrete structure.  The High Court of Australia opened on 26 May.

26 June
The architectural firm of Mitchell, Giurgola and Thorp win the design competition for the new Parliament House.

18 September
The first sod is turned for the new Parliament House.

1981
Construction begins on the Australian Defence Force Academy on a site adjacent to the Royal Military College, Duntroon. On 26 January the Australian Institute of Sport was officially opened by Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser. The original eight sports were basketball, gymnastics, netball, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, and weight-lifting.

1986
Canberra's population reaches 250 000

1988
The Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 established a Legislative Assembly with full powers to make laws for the ACT.

9 May
The new Parliament House, constructed on Capital Hill, was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II.

1989
31 January
The National Capital Authority replaced the National Capital Development Commission.

4 March 
The first ACT Legislative Assembly elections are held using the modified d’Hondt electoral system with over 100 hundred candidates. Five members are elected from the ALP, four from the Liberal Party, four from the Residents Rally, three from the No Self Government Party and one member of the Abolish Self-Government Coalition.

11 May 
Following the granting of self government, the new ACT Legislative Assembly met for the first time. Rosemary Follett (ALP) was elected Chief Minister.

1992
The second election for the ACT Legislative Assembly is held in February as well as a referendum which changed the electoral system to the Hare-Clark system as of 1995. The ALP wins eight of the 17 seats and Rosemary Follett remains as Chief Minister.

2001
8 March
The National Museum of Australia opens.

2003
On 18 January, a state of emergency was declared as bushfires from New South Wales moved into Canberra's south-west and northern suburbs. Four people were killed and more than 500 buildings were destroyed including houses in Weston Creek, Tuggeranong and Woden Valley. Thousands of hectares of forest and parkland were burnt out. Canberra became the first jurisdiction in Australia to introduce a plan to phase out smoking in clubs, pubs and licensed venues.

2004
The Parliament of ACT became the first jurisdiction in Australia to introduce a bill of rights (Human Rights Act 2000) to help to protect freedom of expression, religion and movement.

May
The winners of the Canberra International Arboretum competition were announced as Taylor Cullity Lethlean Landscape Architects, in conjunction with Tonkin Zulaikha Greer Architects. Their design concept was for 100 Forests 100 Gardens.

October
The ALP becomes the first majority government in the history of the ACT Legislative Assembly when they win nine seats in the election. Jon Stanhope (ALP) is re-elected as Chief Minister. The Mount Stromlo Observatory, which was devastated by the 2003 Canberra bushfires, officially reopened to the public with an Open Day on 30 October.

2008
18 October The ACT Legislative Assembly election resulted in the ALP winning seven seats, the Liberal Party six seats and the Greens four seats. Jon Stanhope (ALP) is again elected Chief Minister.

2011

CAPIThetiCAL

2013

The ACT's Centenary.